Neustadt, a solo 5mm Napoleonic battle.

Over the past few evenings I have conducted a solo Napoleonic game using my venerable 5mm Mini Figs blocks and a great set of rules that our group used to play with, known colloquially by us as the Flinch Point rules. Now these figures haven't seen the light of day for at least thirty years so I decided they well overdue an airing. Although my forces are organised for 1815, they fit the bill.

The terrain is all home made including the buildings which have been constructed out the old standby, cereal packet card and are based on the buildings in a painting of the Battle of Friedland by the contemporary French artist Simeon Fort..

I'll bet some people haven't seen these for a long time and others may have never seen them!

Bit of background:-

It is 1813 and the French armies are advancing through Prussia towards the crucial town of Hanover. A single Corps d’Armée commanded by Lieutenant-General Compte Reille has been ordered to take and retain the small market-town of Neustadt to deny the enemy the use of the area, especially the valley between the high ground to the south-west of the town. Earlier in the campaign, the Emperor re-assigned Foy’s division but has hinted that it may be in the area to act as reinforcements.

Already occupying the town and the surrounding area are troops from General von Zietan’s I Armeekorps. His orders from Feldmarschal von Blücher are to hold the town until the remaining two brigades of the Armeekorps can arrive. This is estimated to be sometime in the early afternoon.

The battle is opened at 06:00 by the French artillery.

Order of Battle

Prussia

France

Commander: General von Zietan, OC I Armeekorps 3rd Brigade, General von Jagow 7th, 29th IR’s and 3rd Westphalian Landwehr IR 7th Silesian Artillery Battery [ 8 guns] 4th Brigade, General von Henkel 19th IR and 4th Westphalian Landwehr IR Silesian Shützen Battalion 8th Brandenburg Art Btty [ 8 guns] Attached cavalry II Armeekorps Reserve 5th Brigade, General von Sohr 3rd and 5th Hussars, 5th Kurmark Landwehr Cav Regt All infantry regiments are 3 battalions and all cavalry regiments are of 4 squadrons unless specified otherwise. Total of 16 battalions, 12 squadrons and 16 guns.

Commander: Lt Gen Baron Reille, OC II Corps d’Armée 5th Division, Lt Gen Count Bachelu 1st Brigade, 61st Line and 2nd Light [ 4 battalions] 2nd Brigade, 72nd and 108th Line [ 5 battalions] 1 artillery battery [ 8 guns] 7th Division, Lt Gen Girard 1st Brigade, 82nd Line and 11th Light [ 3 battalions] 2nd Brigade, 40th Line and 12th Light [ 5 battalions] 1 artillery battery [ 8 guns] 2nd Cavalry Division, Lt Gen Baron Pire 1st Cavalry Brigade, 1st and 6th Chasseurs-a-cheval 2nd cavalry Brigade, 5th and 6th Lancers 1 Horse artillery battery [ 8 guns] Total of 17 battalions, 16 squadrons and 24 guns.

Wargame map for the Battle of Neustadt, 1813

Map Details

Prussian formations are in black or black/red and the French are blue or blue/red.

Dark brown areas are the hills, all of which count as high ground. The large hill at lower left has a pass through the middle and this is the only section that can be negotiated, the hills either side are impassable. The hill in the centre of the Prussian lines is wooded as is the hill on the French right flank. There is a wood in between the two hills of the French centre and right. The remainder of the battlefield is open ground.

The Game

Prussian infantry battalion (I/29) in line

French regiment in columns advance towards Neustadt

Prussian set up

French set up

The town of Neustadt

Girard’s first, and unsuccessful, attack on the town is set in motion. 

The French attack on the right flank gets underway. Four battalions supported by Bachelu’s artillery firing canister; the Prussian I/19 flinches under the fire.

The French continue to press on their right flank and now break the I/19 leaving only the III battalion which begins to retire. This means the whole Prussian left is now in complete disorder. All three battalions of the 12 Light charge into the town of Neustadt, forcing the defenders to back away from the barricades and deeper into the town. There is now no chance of the Prussians holding the position so Zietan orders a general retreat covered by Sohr’s cavalry brigade.

The French declined to pursue the Prussians as Reille decided he had achieved his orders and captured the town.

Casualty Returns

Prussia

France

Commander: General von Zietan, OC I Armeekorps 3rd Brigade, General von Jagow 7th Line [-], [-], [-] 29th Line [ 26], [-], [-] 3rd Westphalian Landwehr [10], [-], [12] 7th Silesian Artillery Battery (8 guns) [-] 4th Brigade, General von Henkel 19th Line [34], [94], [-] 4th Westphalian Landwehr IR [6], [-], [-] Silesian Shutzen Battalion [-] 8th Brandenburg Art Btty (8 guns) [-] Attached cavalry II Armeekorps Reserve 5th Brigade, General von Sohr 3rd Hussars [-] 5th Hussars [-] 5th Kurmark Landwehr [-] Total casualties: 182 officers and men.

Commander: Lt Gen Baron Reille, OC II Corps d’Armée 5th Division, Lt Gen Count Bachelu 1st Brigade, 61st Line [-], [102] 2nd Light [136], [92] 2nd Brigade, 72nd Line [50], [60] 108th Line [-], [-], [26] 1 artillery battery (8 guns) [36], [Destroyed] 7th Division, Lt Gen Girard 1st Brigade, 82nd Line [44], [120] 11th Light [56] 2nd Brigade, 40th Line [54], [12] 12th Light [12], [12], [12] 1 artillery battery (8 guns) [-] 2nd Cavalry Division, Lt Gen Baron Pire 1st Cavalry Brigade, 1st Chasseurs-a-cheval [-] 6th Chasseurs-a-cheval [-] 2nd cavalry Brigade,   5th Lancers [-] 6th Lancers [-] 1 horse artillery battery [ 8 guns] [-] Total casualties: 772 officers and men.

For simplicity, all infantry battalions begin the battle with 800 officers and men, all cavalry regiments are 600 sabres and all artillery batteries are 100 officers and men. In all cases of infantry regiments, casualties have been recorded in square brackets as per battalion running in sequence starting with the first. 

A note on the rules. The different coloured stickers are used to show the state of a unit. The yellow and blue alternate each move to show outstanding Flinch Points  and are removed at the end of the following move. The green represent more serious disorder i.e. rallying after a melee and are also removed at the end of the following move provided the unit does nothing. The red show the current moral and physical state of the unit by using casualties as a benchmark. There are three states, Engaged, Committed and Exhausted each showing progressively higher casualties; these remain with the unit until the end of the game.

Putting my money where my mouth is: Part Deux.

In the last post I said I would post some pics of my opposition armies. Well, here they are.

First up are the Khwarizmians (they double up as Sassanids if there is a Roman amy in the area). Like the 6mm Mongols from teh previous post I don't have any game pics as yet but I'm thinking about it. Watch this space!
Also, I would like to say that the bases of these -and the Mongols- have been repainted to match my boards and they look a lot better for it! Both armies are at least 25 years old.

I also have Khwazmians and Polish in 10mm: Mongols on the left, Khwarzmians on the right. The Khwarizmians are still very much a WIP -only 99 cavalry and 30 infantry painted so far. All Irregular but I have some Pendraken infantry in the painting queue.

 Some of the units from the ongoing Polish army. I have 183 infantry and 80 cavalry painted with another 30 cavalry and 60 infantry to go. All Pendraken.

There are no 15mm opposition armies but as the Mongols aren't painted yet that isn't a problem.

Moving on to 25/28mm. I have two armies, one of Poles and the other of Russians, both culled from a number of manufacturers.

 The complete Polish army with Duke Henry of Silesia in the centre of the line with his yellow caparisoned steed and eagle standard. This was a set up in the back garden last year, hence the decent lighting.

 The Poles in action at the Alumwell Show in 2007.

Part of the Russian Army, the druzina cavalry screened by some polovtsi. The buildings on the left are home made by me.



Russian levy infantry under attack from Mongol HC. Again taken at the Alumwell Show.




I couldn't close the post without a picture of Chinggis Khan's favourite command hound, Snoopy Khan. (My daughter found him for me way back when.)

Putting my money where my mouth is.

I thought it was about time that I actually showed you some of the Mongols that I am forever pontificating about.
Firstly in 6mm -all Irregular Miniatures. (Picture taken from an earlier post on the blog.)

Now in 10mm. Most of these are Irregular from wwwaaayyy back and I've not long finished the last of the light cavalry for the second tumen. This is a picture of a single tumen in battle order with the HC at the fore to start with. The LC would soon move through or around them in sequence to bombard the enemy. When the commander deemed the time was right he would send in the HC while the LC continued to harass the flanks and rear of the enemy. At the rear of the formation  is the tuman-u-noyan next to the base of remounts. (The commander and his retinue are from Magister Militum...I think). I have two tumat made by Irregular; this one is at almost full strength of nine units while the other is smaller with only six units of LC and 2 of HC. The third -and still under construction is by Pendraken and will consist of four units of LC and two of HC. In the future I will get some LC to round it off a little more.

This second pic shows the LC on the move. The front centre two units have opened out into a line to pin the enemy frontally while the two flanking units move around the flanks. The remainder of the LC move up to support either manoeuvre. The HC are now at the rear of the formation but are ready to move in any direction.

My 15mm Mongols -by a number of manufacturers- are under a repaint order and a total of 28 out of 130 or so of them have been finished.

In 25/28mm again a number of manufacturers are represented including Irregular, Curteys, First Corps and Warrior to name but a few. Below is a selection. 

Next time I will post some pictures of the opposition armies.

There it was, gone.

There goes 2014. As far as wargaming life in general it went with more than a whimper than a bang.
 In the intervening three months since my last post I have painted some more figures -mostly 6mm. At Broadside in June I brought some figures from Adler and I managed to paint 2 regiments of SYW Prussian infantry plus attached artillery and a regiment of Kuirassiers and very nice little chaps they are as well. I'm trying -on and off- to build up at least two armies which at the moment are Prussian and Austrian. In total they added another 206 figures meaning that I managed to put some paint on 692 with the remainder being 10mm.
  In November I had an extremely quiet month wargaming wise as I joined a group called NaNoWriMo which stands for the National November Write Month. The basic idea is to see if you can write a 50,000 word first draft of a book in the month of November, breaking it down meant 1,666 words per day. I managed to get about 90% of the novel completed and passed the target on 29th November. Since then I have written another 9,000 words on it but the first draft is still not quite complete.
  I also joined the 6mm Napoleonic Wargaming forum and have been reasonably active on there.

http://perfectsixps.proboards.com/

  While on the forum I happened to mention my Mini Figs 5mm Napoleonic armies made up of blocks of figures and that got the old tangential thought processes working. Since then I have written up the old set of rules we used back in the 1970's known as the Flinch Point Rules, written by a friend of mine, sadly no longer with us, Matt Love. He wrote the basic mechanisms of the rules which have since been copied by a number of modern rule writers while the rest of us playtested and added our thoughts and ideas. With this in mind I intended to have a solo game but then came up against a problem. All my buildings had been lost in the pulling down of the Circle Community Centre in Brum. Undeterred, I dug out a book I have which has a fantastic picture of the Battle of Fieidland by the contemporary artist Simeon Fort in it. Using that as my guide, I am making some buildings with the traditional beam and infill construction method. I have a 120 x 120 base completed and another 15 buildings at various stages on the production line. Hopefully, some pics and maybe an AAR will follow.
   Some good news to end the year on. The Irons managed to end 2014 in the top half of the table. COYI!
   So really, that is about it. 2014 was a quiet year but hopefully 2015 will be different, we will see.

Completed Challenge and a bit of SciFi history

Again, using the same link as above, you will see that I have completed the challenge and posted the pictures as proof. These SciFi figures were bought on E-Bay from what appears to be a small unlisted company but are quite nice little figures. A few months ago I had an idea of resurrecting my SciFi RPG system that was written way back in the 80’s with a friend, John Priest, which we named StarQuest.

Now this chap is quite a character. When I met him he was a occasional member of the Circle Battle Group in that his work took him away a lot of the time. He was a Special Effects fellow who did some work on the film Labyrinth, having a hand in making the little fairies that Hoggle swats and also worked on the small wall based worm character.

So I bought a few figures online but am still looking for generic RPG-type SciFi figures rather than the omnipresent chaps in battle armour and festooned with all manner of nasty weapons. That project is still bubbling away.

Anyway, not only have I finished the figure, I thought that, in line with the rest of the world, I would make a charitable donation. I chose the Combat Stress Appeal Charity championed by Henry Hyde as the recipient. They can be found at http://www.combatstress.org.uk/ .

MickS.

Wargamers equivalent to the Ice Bucket Challenge.

If you go to Wargames Directory Facebook page

https://www.facebook.com/groups/373015629496598/?ref=ts&fref=ts

you will notice that I have been challenged by Richard Watts aka 'Eccles' on the WD3 forum to paint a single figure, any scale, any period, and post a pic on the page by Friday 12th August. Now as you are probably aware, akin to many other wargamers I have a lead mountain -nothing new there- but do you think I could think of one single figure to paint that was not part of an army? So, earlier today I had a quick rummage, dismissing 6mm as too small, 10mm as I have no single figures waiting for paint, no 25/28 to speak of so that only left one scale 15mm. then I remembered I had ordered some 15mm Sci Fi figures for a yet-to-start RPG campaign that I co-wrote -along with a friend named John Priest- back in the 80's and have never got round to playing. So now I have a 15mm Sci Fi figure prepped and ready to go once the undercoat has dried. There will be pics on the above page when I have finished the little chap.

MickS.

Latest Additions and some thoughts...

I am still plugging away with my Mongols Project and as you can see by the latest chart below, the numbers are increasing all the time. The new order from Irregular arrived a few days ago so another unit of LC for the 2nd tuman and another of Chinese MI Spear will soon be added to the list. I also sent to Pendraken for a bag of their Arab infantry to go with the Khrazmians whom as you can see are still sadly lacking in infantry and unfortunately, I can't use anything as a substitute. I reckon it's about time I had another go with my rules to see how they are working...and of course to jog my memory on how to use them. 

The latest batch of articles are almost ready for Henry, I am just letting them sit for a week before I proof-read them prior to e-mailing. I also have to take some pictures but the lighting set-up in Narnia is not quite of photographic quality so I will have to work out something there. I have three angle-poise desk lights so at some stage they might be called into service.

Nationality	Manufacturer	Troop Type	Units Infantry	Units Cavalry	Figs Infantry	Figs Cavalry
Mongol	Irregular	EHC Keshik		1		21
	Irregular	MC/HC		3		72
	Irregular	LC		11		135
	Pendraken	MC/HC		1		21
	Pendraken	LC		1		12
	Command				1	13
		Total		17	1	274
Chinese	Irregular	HC		1		21
	Irregular	LC		3		36
	Irregular	HI	2		84
	Irregular	M/LI (X Bow)	4		114
	Irregular	M/LI (Bow)	3		60
	Irregular	MI (Spear)	2		66
	Irregular	Rocket	1
	Command				8
		Total	12	4	332	57
Khwarezmia	Irregular	HC		3		63
	Irregular	LC		3		36
	Irregular	MI	1		30
	Command
		Total	1	6	30	99
Poland	Pendraken	HC		4		80
	Pendraken	MI levy	2		60
	Pendraken	LI X Bow	1		21
	Pendraken	Inf Peasants	1		38
	Pendraken	LI Bow	3		64
		Total	7	4	183	80
		Grand Totals	20	31	546	510

Another thing I have been toying with is Russians in 10mm for the Mongol Project. To my knowledge no single manufacturer makes them so it would be a matter of mix and match existing ranges.

Some of the Irregular Arab cavalry (TC3) from the Medieval Range have the conical style of helmet which I have already used for the Khwarizmians and would be useful for boyars and some druzhina while TC22 and TC23 can be used for the lower classes of cavalry. For variety some of the earlier Dark Ages Range TDA10, 11 and 12 are also reasonably compatible even if the kite shields are a bit too long. For infantry, TC24 with the different shaped shields would make reasonably well kitted out town or city levy with some TDA1, 2, 3, 4 and 9 infantry mixed in. Again, the kite shield is a little long but hey. Any kind of generic peasant spear/axemen would do for the LI contingent.

Using Pendraken figures, EMM2 cavalry is useful but not overly so, personally, I would only use a few as the little chaps do not have helmets. EMM4 infantry are good –I have loads of these in the Polish Army- along with the command EMM3. The Saxon Range AS1 – 6 are useful and can mix well. In fact I have mixed both Irregular and Pendraken in the same units to give more variety and so far so good.

MickS.

More Updates.

 

    The first two articles of Series Three for Henry are finished, just need proofing before sending and the painting is coming along as well. The last 17 Mongols are finished and the lot are based and packed away with their fellows but...while I was basing I found that I had a standard bearer over. So you know what this means? Correct, another order to Irregular for 10 Mongol LC –I already have an officer figure lying about- and that will be a sixth mingghan for the second tümen. Also, I have painted another Chinese unit, this time of infantry spearmen and the bases are drying as I write. But again, I have found that I have 23 remaining spearmen. So, when the order for the Mongols goes in I will have to add another 7 spearmen to the list. Checking the numbers (including the new figures) I will have a the following totals to paint; 90 Chinese infantry, 12 cavalry and two rockets all of which are from Irregular plus 67 Polish infantry,15 cavalry plus 30 Mongol peasants and 45 Mongol cavalry from Pendraken. Couple of weeks work should see them off. Hah!

   So while I am painting stuff for the Mongol project my mind is wandering. I have realised that the tinterweb is a double edged sword in that it’s great for basic research but the stuff is at your fingertips...literally. I’ve been looking at WWI in the east, Zulu Colonial (I blame the current repeat of the excellent Shaka series for that one) and also a solo WWII Campaign.

Now bear with me because there is a logical train of thought for the last. Several weeks ago, we went camping in Sussex. On the way back we went a different way and drove through Tenterden and that area. This got me thinking. Some of the buildings were old when Charles I was a runtling so they won’t have changed much. Loads of variety even for home made 6mm buildings, with the bonus that I can make it look like the real thing –even down to the terrain. This gave me the idea of a What If? campaign set in late 1944 or early 1945 after D-Day failed and the Germans invaded England via Kent. Not long after I was perusing through the local Works shop in town and found a modern reprint of the 1920’s equivalent OS Landranger map in 1:50,000 scale of the area around Maidstone and Royal Tunbridge Wells. Excellent! I have a German SS Division at 1:5 which works out at 15 Panthers and 30 Mk IV’s plus Recce, AA, SP Art etc now all I need is an Allied army because I have a few Shermans from my far eastern Americans (unfinished), some lorries and ½ tracks but that’s it. More Shermans, Fireflys et al will be required to see this project get off the drawing board. Keeping my eyes open at any show Bring & Buys.

Another option for a campaign is based on the old WRG Game-in-a-Bag, The Empire of the Steppes, well, using the map anyway. So I got it copied (for my own use so I don’t ruin the real one) and marked it up with the right states and countries...and that’s as far as that one has got as well.

This is the problem of a solo wargamer. Focus. To my mind it’s just a word that I use but don’t necessarily follow. This is why the Butterfly Effect is prevalent as I flit from one idea to another. Most of them will probably never happen but...

Keep painting,

MickS.

Potential fame (and hopefully fortune but I doubt it) beckon.

Well, not long I had an electronic conversation with Henry Hyde at MWBG magazine and he said he would be quite happy to have some more articles on the exploits of the Mongols, so there is a result. Who knows, today MWBG, tomorrow...probably carry on with everyday life. So now although I am furiously scribbling away, you will be pleased to know, I am getting back into the painting thing. It's taking a lot of time to find bits and pieces that I need following the re-vamping of Narnia but I'm slowly getting there. Finished off another 7 Irregular 10mm Mongols of the 2nd tumen last nght and undercoated the remaining 17 meaning that once they are done all of my Irregular Mongols are painted, Wahoo! This will give me a total of 259 Irregular Mongol cavalry figures. After that I can carry on with -in no particular order- the outstanding Chinese units that I have found, the remaining Polish and the Pendraken Mongols of my 3rd tumen.
  I am starting to get back into the one hour of painting a day syndrome although it was a bit tricky what with the World Cup and all, but now the  matches are few and far between I can carry on. Also, a really big bonus, I finally managed to find my painting radio, so now I can listen to the football while I paint and then just watch the late evening highlights. Result! 

Wives are a Godsend...sometimes

Now you may not know this, but I have a man cave which is known by the family as Narnia because they have to go through the coats to get down the stairs...clever ennit? When we moved here in February last year all my stuff came down the stairs and was stacked or shelved anyhow. To give you an example: I have five shop-bought bookcases which I naturally assumed were fine for my books. Put them together, set them up against the wall and found they were only good enough for paperbacks! So my main collection was lying flat on the shelves making it an absolute bu**er to find anything. There were boxes everywhere and it was almost an assault course to get to my computer and painting tables. Plus it was damp because the bloke before had filled in the cellar window with dirt so there was no through draft to keep it dry. It's has been on the to-do list since last summer.
    Three weeks ago I was given an almost brand-new piece of carpet plus underlay that would fit, a new double-glazed window and my mate over the road gave me a 20l tub of white satin finish paint. None of this was lost on Ma Subs!
   Last Thursday I had to go to a specialist docs about the old ticker which was shown in a previous x-ray to be a bit bigger than it should be. So, with no small amount of trepidation, off I went to the vets for an ultrasound scan thing. Shouldn't have worried, the very nice lady said that apparently x-rays are notorious for enlarging things...no, don't even go there!...and that there was absotively nothing wrong with the old ticker. So there I am at a bus stop after just seeing mine disappear around the corner and I do the decent thing and clock in to give Ma Subs an update. Everything was going swimmingly before she says 'By the way, you are starting on Narnia when you get back  and we are all helping.' When she says 'we' she means our lad, my mate and his missus and her good self. What a bombshell! Now she knows -bless her heart- that I need a kick up the jacksy to get started on a project of this decorating magnitude: so I got one. Despite my weak and insincere protestations we got going and now it is nice and airy now the dirt from the basement window opening has been shifted (a mare of a job), painted, carpeted, shelved and even better, I have a large enough space in the middle for my wargames table. Result! The amount of cr*p that has been binned is amazing as I have been ruthlessly downsizing. When it's done I'll put up a couple of pics, (I forget to do the 'before' bit so you'll have to use your minds eye to visualize that state it was in before...and believe me, you won't even get close.)

...So that's why it's been quiet...

The second article about Leignitz of the second series of my Mongols in Europe has been published in this months Miniature Wargames/Battleground so I am quietly chuffed. That nice Mr Henry Hyde has used some of my pics as well. I have some ideas for a third series but I'll have to run them by him first.

Happy painting,

MickS.

Just a Quickie.

Just to let you know I am still around although the painting has dropped off a bit due to me trying to get more of my book written. During April I did no painting at all and so far this month I have finished off another cavalry unit -the Hospitallers, Basorya and Jastrzębiec clan plus nearly all of the first unit of lower-end-of-the-scale levy which are mostly unarmoured and unshielded. Once they are finished I will only have two infantry levy units to go...plus of course a general figure (forgot about him) and that will be the whole lot done.
 
Going to the Sittingbourne show tomorrow week to see what's about and have a goss with some people I knew from back in the day at Southend..

More 10mm buildings for Eastern Europe

I wasn't overly satisfied with the basing of the church in the last post so I decided to rebase it. Trying to keep everything in multiples of 60 x 40, the church was put on a 120 x 80 so as to be the focal point of the village.
The walls around the church yard were made from balsa strip and had the tops rounded over slightly to remove the block effect. The tree is one I had made from the debacle with clump foliage.
   Since then I have made another 3 1/2 buildings, all on their own little bases -either 60 x 40 or 80 x 60.
   The roofs are all made from scored cereal packet card and the same effect was used on the walls of the barn. The bases have had the edges Dremeled to give them an uneven chamfer. The walls of the other two buildings are made from cocktail sticks/toothpicks cut to size. To make them look authentic the logs should really alternate on the ends but I couldn't be ar*sed to do all of that, which is why only the sides project beyond the walls. The widow and door frames are made from strips of card cut to size. All of the fences have been made by splitting toothpicks lengthwise and gluing them down with the flat side against the uprights -made from pieces of coffee stirrer. The corn field is made from a piece of Poundland self adhesive carpet covered in watered-down PVA.
   On the base with the cut planks I have made a pit saw out of cut down toothpick and a piece of paper with serrations cut into it. Unfortunately, making the pit would have been a problem so I left it out.

Now I have the makings of a village that will work for most periods from Medieval right up to Modern (including 10mm WW 1 Eastern Front using Pendraken figures which I have decided could well be my next project). The rules I am not too sure about so I might end up writing my own.)

By the way, inspiration came from two sites. The first is of a wargamer.
http://pygmy-wars.50megs.com/home.html

and the second is one that he recommends and I would second his recommendation for anyone wanting inspiration on buildings in rural Russia.
http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/prok/